很多API并不是真正的实现了RESTful,而应该叫做RPC (Remote Procedure Call 远程过程调用),Roy Fielding曾经提到了它们的区别,原文如下:
I am getting frustrated by the number of people calling any HTTP-based interface a REST API. Today’s example is the SocialSite REST API. That is RPC. It screams RPC. There is so much coupling on display that it should be given an X rating.
What needs to be done to make the REST architectural style clear on the notion that hypertext is a constraint? In other words, if the engine of application state (and hence the API) is not being driven by hypertext, then it cannot be RESTful and cannot be a REST API. Period. Is there some broken manual somewhere that needs to be fixed?
— Roy Fielding
https://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven
大概意思是,如果应用状态引擎(API)不是超文本驱动的,那么就不是RESTful。
我的理解是,像超文本一样携带一个地址,可以寻址定位信息,如超文本的link属性。
超链接(Hypermedia)API
Hypermedia指的是,返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。比如,当用户向api.example.com的根目录发出请求,会得到这样一个文档:
{"link": {
"rel": "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
"href": "https://api.example.com/zoos",
"title": "List of zoos",
"type": "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}
上面代码表示,文档中有一个link属性,用户读取这个属性就知道下一步该调用什么API了。rel表示这个API与当前网址的关系(collection关系,并给出该collection的网址),href表示API的路径,title表示API的标题,type表示返回类型。
摘取自:http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html
创建api_root的Endpoint
回到教程的例子。在前面我们已经为snippets
和users
创建了Endpoint,现在来创建根目录的Endpoint,编辑snippets/views.py
:
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.reverse import reverse
@api_view(['GET'])
def api_root(request, format=None):
return Response({
'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),
'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)
})
reverse()
函数用来返回snippets/urls.py
中viewname对应的url,如path('users/', views.UserList.as_view(), name='user-list')
。
然后添加到snippets/urls.py
中:
path('', views.api_root),
创建SnippetHighlight的Endpoint
还记得在上篇文章中提到的Snippet.highlighted
字段么:
我们现在为它创建Endpoint,继续编辑snippets/views.py
:
from rest_framework import renderers
from rest_framework.response import Response
class SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = Snippet.objects.all()
renderer_classes = [renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
snippet = self.get_object()
return Response(snippet.highlighted)
然后添加到snippets/urls.py
中:
path('snippets/<int:pk>/highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),
因为
snippet.highlighted
不是JSON而是HTML,所以用[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer]
返回预渲染的(pre-rendered)HTML。
HyperlinkedModelSerializer
在Web API设计中,一般有以下几种方式来表示实体之间的关系:
- 主键
- 超链接
- 关系实体(the related entity),唯一标识符字段(a unique identifying slug field)
- 关系实体,默认字符串(the default string representation)
- 关系实体,嵌入到父类中(the parent representation)
- 其他自定义
前2个比较熟悉,后面几个有点不太懂,我理解是类似于数据库的关联关系表。
DRF支持以上所有方式,这里我们用DRF的HyperlinkedModelSerializer
来实现真正的RESTful。在snippets/serializers.py
中把我们之前的代码:
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')
class Meta:
model = Snippet
fields = ['id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style', 'owner']
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['id', 'username', 'snippets']
修改为:
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')
highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')
class Meta:
model = Snippet
fields = ['url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',
'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style']
class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets']
其中ModelSerializer
换成了HyperlinkedModelSerializer
,后者的区别如下:
- 默认不包含
id
字段 - 包含
url
字段,用HyperlinkedIdentityField
表示 源码:serializer_url_field = HyperlinkedIdentityField
- 关系用
HyperlinkedRelatedField
表示,而不是PrimaryKeyRelatedField
源码:serializer_related_field = HyperlinkedRelatedField
由于用了HyperlinkedModelSerializer,SnippetSerializer和UserSerializer的url字段默认指向的是'{model_name}-detail'
url pattern,这是DRF定义的,在示例中就是'snippet-detail'
和'user-detail'
。新增的highlight
字段和url
字段是一样的类型,它指向的是'snippet-highlight'
,而不是'snippet-detail'
。
修改url pattern
既然已经提到了url pattern,那么在snippets/urls.py
中修改一下:
from django.urls import path
from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns
from snippets import views
# API endpoints
urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([
path('', views.api_root),
path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view(), name='snippet-list'),
path('snippets/<int:pk>/', views.SnippetDetail.as_view(), name='snippet-detail'),
path('snippets/<int:pk>/highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(), name='snippet-highlight'),
path('users/', views.UserList.as_view(), name='user-list'),
path('users/<int:pk>/', views.UserDetail.as_view(), name='user-detail')
])
name就是在
serializers.py
和views.py
中用到的。
添加分页
REST设计基本原则提到了:处理好分页。DRF添加分页的方式很简单,编辑tutorial/settings.py
文件:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}
东方说
我之前是在学SpringBoot的时候了解过RESTful API的超链接API,文章开头的那一段介绍就是当时写的笔记,DRF提供了HyperlinkedModelSerializer
来实现,还是比较好理解的,其中的细节需要在实战中再多多熟悉。
参考资料: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/ https://spring.io/guides/tutorials/rest/